Variabilidade espacial de resistência do solo à penetração, produtividade do milho e custos de produção em sistemas de manejo do solo

Abstract

The physical properties of the soil are directly influenced by soil preparation systems, which when improperly used can cause compaction, negatively affecting crop productivity. The penetration resistance (RP) is an important parameter when evaluating the quality of the management system adopted. The objective of this work was to evaluate the spatial variability of soil penetration resistance, maize productivity and the production costs of the systems in different tillage systems and cover crops. The work was carried out at UTFPR, Câmpus Dois Vizinhos. The experiment consists of five systems of soil preparation: no-tillage (PD); tillage scarified annually with the jumbo (JUMBO 1); no-till system every three years with the jumbo implement (JUMBO 3); direct tillering annually subsurface with terrus (TERRUS 1) and no-till tilled every three years with terrus (TERRUS 3); and four covering plants: Black Oat (Avena strigosa Schreb); Common vetch (Vicia sativa L.); Forage Turnip (Raphanus sativus L.) and the consortium of Oats + Ervilhaca + Nabo. The experimental design was randomized blocks with three replicates. The PR evaluations were carried out in March and June of 2018, at a distance of 2 m, with a 10 cm interval between the samplings. The maps of the RP profiles were generated by the Surfer program 15, through interpolation of the sampling points. Scarification of the soil reduces PR immediately after the act. After one year the effect of the scarification of the soil is concentrated only at the place of passage of the implements, and every three years this effect is practically non-existent. Soil preparation did not influence maize productivity and PD + vetch was the most profitable management.