A organização de movimentos sociais de expropriados nas trajetórias sociotécnicas de implantação de hidrelétricas no Brasil (1974-2016)

Abstract

The main objective of this thesis is to analyze how populations affected by implantation of hydroelectrics in Brazil have articulated and organized throughout the socio-technical trajectories which led to the implementation of such projects. To that end, the implantation trajectories of three cases will be studied, which correspond to the period from 1974 to 2016: Itaipu, built into the Paraná river, on the Brazil – Paraguay borders; Baixo Iguaçu, on the Iguaçu river at Paraná state; and the Garabi and Panambi complex, projected for the Uruguai river, on a section of the border between Brazil and Argentina. The analysis of the selected cases occurred by using theoretical-conceptual tools from the field studies of Science, Technology and Society (STS) - particularly of Sociology of Technology. The methodology is qualitative and used bibliographical and documental research, as well as documents produced by observation on field research and interviews oriented by oral history methodology. Therefore, it results from a socio-technical approach to the observation of interaction dynamics between social movements, political institutions, state and private companies and technologies. The identification of patterns of interaction in socio-technical trajectories which constitute the analyzed cases are searched through a descriptive and also targeted analysis focused on understanding causalities and exploring explanatory relations. It was observed that on the implantation of Itaipu, a case which represents the first experience of organized resistance to this kind of project, farmers organized themselves through information exchange spaces; in solidarity, they included in their claims the demands of all kind of land occupation movements, fighting the patrimonial and disaggregating strategy of the company; they put their demands on the agenda by using practices such as occupations and encampments. In the processes constituted in the early stages of Baixo Iguaçu, Garabi and Panambi trajectories, the resistance movements conquered the suspension of projects by articulating previous experiences of political organization; the establishment of alliances with regional community; the conduction of resistance practices before the basic design phase; the development of resistance practices which prevented the technicians work; and the pressure over the actor responsible for the projects, Eletrosul at the time. On the recent trajectories phases, achievements are related to resistance practices previous to the basic project phase, as well as articulation on environmental components of projects. It was concluded, therefore, that the strengthening of social movements happened along the trajectories, with experience accumulation and transmission, but given the structuring characteristics of the current hydroelectric deployment process, which do not reserve moments to the participation of the society, nor provides institutional guarantees to those affected, the struggle experience must be resumed at each hydroelectric deployment process.