Sistema portátil de dessalinização e purificação de diferentes tipos de água

Abstract

This work proposes the development and evaluation of the efficiency of a portable water desalination and purification system, aiming to provide a technological alternative to address water scarcity, especially in regions with limited access to potable water. The justification is based on the global water crisis, where, despite the abundance of this resource on the planet, only a small fraction is suitable for consumption. This situation is aggravated in Brazil by uneven distribution and the contamination of water bodies. The main objective was to build and test the prototype, analyzing its performance in treating water samples with different characteristics, such as lagoon water and synthetic brackish water, comparing the quality parameters before and after treatment with the potability standards established by Brazilian legislation. The methodology involved the design and construction of the equipment using materials such as polycarbonate, aluminum and filtering elements — activated carbon, sand and zeolite — followed by sample collection and characterization. The process combined thermal distillation through resistive heating, condensation and multi-stage filtration. The results of the physicochemical and microbiological analyses demonstrated that the system was effective in significantly improving water quality, especially in the post-treatment brackish water sample, which achieved parameters compatible with potability standards. This included a drastic reduction in turbidity, chlorides and total solids, as well as the elimination of microbiological indicators. It is concluded that the portable system proved to be a viable and promising technical solution for producing safe water from compromised sources. It may be applied in emergency situations or isolated communities, contributing to water security and aligning with the Sustainable Development Goals.