Caracterização de zonas climáticas do estado do Paraná por meio de balanço hídrico climatológico

Abstract

The state of Paraná presents high climatic variability due to geographical factors such as latitude, altitude, relief, and the influence of different air masses, which condition the thermal regime, water availability, and agricultural suitability of the different regions. In this context, understanding climate dynamics becomes essential for territorial planning and for the sustainable management of natural resources. The present study aimed to evaluate the spatiotemporal variability of the climate in climatic zones in the state of Paraná. The climatological water balance was applied, analyzing the variables precipitation (P), potential evapotranspiration (PET), water deficit (DEF), water surplus (EXC), and maximum (Tmax) and minimum (Tmin) temperatures, considering the climatic zones defined by the Global Yield Gap Atlas (GYGA). Monthly data from the TerraClimate database, referring to the period from 1991 to 2020, were processed in Python using the Google Colaboratory environment. The spatialization of the variables and the mapping of the climatic zones were carried out in Google Earth Engine (GEE). The analyses included descriptive statistics, evaluation of intra- and interannual variability, and interpretation of the hydrothermal patterns characteristic of each climatic zone. The climatic zones analyzed were distributed into three groups along a spatial gradient in Paraná. The coastal region (7901 and 7801) forms the most humid group, with high precipitation and almost no water deficit. In the plateau areas (6901, 6801, 6601, 7701, 7601, and 7501), the regime is humid subtropical, with a more balanced water balance and moderate winter deficit. In the north and northwest (7601, 7701, and 7501), there is greater thermal and hydric seasonality, with higher temperatures, greater deficit in the dry period, and lower surpluses. The results provide relevant support for agricultural planning, water resource management, and the development of strategies for adaptation to climate change, especially in regions susceptible to water deficit or prolonged surpluses.