Análise dos efeitos da inserção de veículos elétricos no perfil de tensão de um sistema-teste de transmissão de energia elétrica

Abstract

Due to their high energy consumption, the introduction of electric vehicles into an electrical transmission system can present significant operational challenges for system operators. These challenges include increased transmission line losses, worsened voltage profiles, and disturbances in bus voltage angles. Consequently, this study aims to analyze the impact of electric vehicle integration on the voltage profile of a 14-bus test transmission system, using the Newton-Raphson method implemented in the C programming language. To achieve this, the effects of 8 scenarios of electric vehicle usage connected to the test system were investigated: 1. The system in its initial condition (base case). 2. The system with 500 vehicles simultaneously connected at each load bus. 3. The system with 1000 vehicles simultaneously connected at each load bus. 4. The system with 2000 vehicles simultaneously connected at each load bus. 5. The system during peak hours (50% increase in active and reactive power consumption at load buses). 6. The system during peak hours with 500 vehicles simultaneously connected at each load bus. 7. The system during peak hours with 1000 vehicles simultaneously connected at each load bus. 8. The system during peak hours with 2000 vehicles simultaneously connected at each load bus. To represent the additional power consumption of electric vehicles, each vehicle connected to the network was considered to consume 7kW, which is the average power of a semi-fast charger. The voltage profile and transmission line loss results from the cases without electric vehicles connected to the test system (Cases 1 and 5) were used as a reference for comparison with the scenarios involving electric vehicles. All scenarios were validated using the ANAREDE program. Cases 1, 2, 3, and 4 were compared with each other, as well as cases 5, 6, 7, and 8. When analyzing the results and comparing scenario 1 with scenarios 2, 3, and 4, as well as scenario 5 with scenarios 6, 7, and 8, a reduction in the voltage of the system's PQ buses, a decrease in the voltage angle value at generation and load buses, and a general increase in active line losses were observed as the number of vehicles on the network increased. The increased load on these buses raised the currents in the lines, resulting in higher losses. Consequently, the voltage at each load bus experienced reduction and lag. This highlights the need to adopt measures to mitigate the effects of load increases caused by electric vehicles on electrical transmission networks.