Análise de projeto de prevenção de incêndio de edifício: simulação computacional e eficácia da compartimentação vertical externa

Abstract

Currently, for a construction to obtain certification of completion of work and ensure the protection of occupants in fire situations, it is essential to obtain approval from the Fire and Disaster Prevention Technical Project (PTPID) from the Fire Department. However, many professionals develop their projects solely based on regulatory requirements, without an understanding of fire behavior and the effectiveness of these standards. This goes beyond simply obtaining the certificate, as it concerns user security. One of these requirements is vertical compartmentation, which is intended to prevent fire from spreading vertically, that is, between consecutive elevated floors. One of the ways to project this situation is to use programs that perform fire simulation, such as the Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) developed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Pyrosim for modeling the structure and Smokeview for better visualization. This work presents the requirements of the Fire Department regarding the passive protection of buildings, escape routes and emergency exits and their functions, the exposure of an approved PTPID, in order to present the FDS and Pyrosim to carry out a fire simulation focusing on the spread of fire on the upper floors. With the results, it is concluded that horizontal barriers benefit from containing the evolution of fire in subsequent openings. In the model studied, the temperature in the upper opening had a 78% reduction compared to the lower opening. The presence of a hypothetical horizontal flap between the rooms caused a 43% reduction in the temperature in the upper window, compared to the one without the presence of the flap. These barriers increase the distance between openings, reducing the possibility of fire spreading through its plume and causing a rapid and high increase in temperature in subsequent openings.