Métodos e técnicas de avaliação de impacto ambiental: uma abordagem estratégica

Abstract

The environment has been increasingly defined in recent environmental legislation worldwide. In Brazil, the National Environmental Policy (Law No. 6,938/1981) describes it as the set of physical, chemical, and biological conditions and interactions that sustain life. Anthropogenic activities cause changes in the environment, known as "Environmental Impacts," making their identification and understanding crucial. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is a legal instrument aimed at identifying and mitigating these impacts, with the Environmental Impact Study (EIS) as its primary tool. In Paraná, the Instituto Água e Terra (IAT) oversees environmental management and licensing. This thesis aims to strategically evaluate the methodologies commonly applied in Environmental Impact Assessments conducted within EISs in Paraná, providing environmental professionals with insights into their application. To achieve this, a modified Proknow-C scientific prospecting methodology was used to compile a scientific collection, while the IAT database served as the foundation for the documentary portfolio. As a result, three relevant scientific articles and twenty-two EISs from Paraná were identified, reviewed, and systematized. The outcome includes SWOT matrices of the identified methodologies, highlighting their strengths and weaknesses. In conclusion, there are no inherently good or bad methods, but rather contexts and application approaches. Methods can be adapted and combined to suit the specific needs of each analysis, with a preference for static or numerical techniques to reduce subjectivity, though it will always be present in the context of Environmental Impact Assessment.