Análise de ciclo de vida de módulos fotovoltaícos fabricados no Brasil

Abstract

The increasing demand for renewable energy sources, particularly solar energy, has driven the installation of photovoltaic modules in various regions. This study examines the life cycle of crystalline silicon photovoltaic modules, focusing on a plant installed in Curitiba, analyzing its environmental impacts, economic viability, and recycling options. The research highlights the main adverse effects associated with the production and disposal of modules, including human toxicity and greenhouse gas emissions, which are predominantly linked to the silicon purification and module production phases. The energy payback is assessed, indicating that the photovoltaic system can generate energy equivalent to that consumed in its production within approximately 1.8 years in real scenarios. Additionally, recycling practices are discussed, demonstrating that the recovery of glass, aluminum, and copper is feasible and can be reintegrated into new value chains. This study concludes that, despite the associated environmental impacts, solar energy represents a sustainable alternative and recommends the adoption of policies that encourage research into more efficient and sustainable practices in the life cycle of photovoltaic modules.