O sensoriamento remoto como ferramenta de análise de indicadores socioambiental aplicada ao contexto da UHE Salto Osório no sudoeste paranaense

Abstract

With its immense hydroelectric potential, Brazil has intensively explored its water resources to generate energy and promote the country's economic and social development since the 19th century. However, in several situations, this exploration disregarded the consequences of changes in water dynamics, the social and cultural impacts resulting from the displacement of families, as well as the flooding of fertile lands and fauna and flora habitats. An example of this policy was the installation of the Salto Osório Hydroelectric Power Plant, located on the Iguaçu River, between the municipalities of São Jorge d’Oeste and Quedas do Iguaçu. This plant entered commercial operation in 1975 and its reservoir reached an area of approximately 55 km² and a total storage capacity of 1,124 billion cubic meters of water. Given the above, the objective of this work is to analyze the socio-environmental impacts of the implementation and operation of the Salto Osório Hydroelectric Power Plant on water quality and the occupation of agricultural land through Remote Sensing. To carry out the work, orbital images were selected and, from their processing, spectral índices were generated for analysis of the parameters DO (Dissolved Oxygen), COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand), BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand), NT (Total Nitrogen), PT (Total Phosphorus), Chlorophyll a and Turbidity. The spectral bands used are from the ETM+ sensor on board the Landsat 7 satellite. Using the tools applied, it was possible to evaluate the variation in water quality across the entire length of the dam, as well as the advancement of vegetation suppression throughout the construction of the Salto Osório HPP. The temporal analysis of the images shows that the construction and operation of the HPP, associated with the fertile lands and the strong growth in agriculture observed at the time of construction, attracted a large number of immigrants who, in the process of developing the surrounding cities, promoted great transformation in the land use and occupation, as well as vegetation suppression and water quality. However, it was observed, from the results obtained, that the reservoir presents quality parameters compatible with classification 2 of fresh water bodies, by CONAMA 357/2005 resolution, which can be intended for supply for human consumption; the protection of aquatic communities; to primary contact recreation; irrigation of vegetables, fruit plants and parks, gardens, sports and leisure fields and aquaculture, and fishing activities