Toxicidade de efluentes têxteis em células animais e vegetais pelo teste de micronúcleos e alterações morfológicas nucleares

Abstract

The textile industry of clothing and fabric artifacts is one of the sectors that generate the most jobs in Brazil. This industrial sector uses a lot of water resources during the processing of its products. In this way, it ends up generating as waste the textile effluent that has many chemical substances, such as textile dyes, responsible for the coloring of the fiber and heavy metals, such as lead, cadmium and mercury. The present study sought to analyze the toxicity of raw and treated effluent collected in a jeans industry. Plant and animal organisms were used as bioindicators to carry out the toxicological evaluation. The species used were Allium cepa (onion) and Rhamdia quelen (jundiá). In the bioassays, the species were exposed to five different dilutions (10%, 7.5%, 5.0%, 2.5% and 1.25%) for the raw and treated effluent, the negative control for R. quelen was the water available in the fish farm, and for A. cepa it was the reconstituted water. In the latter, the substance MethylMethane Sulfonate was the positive control. Microscopic analyzes for R. quelen were performed considering the number of micronuclei and nuclear morphological changes in erythrocytes, for A. cepa cells in interphase and mitotic division with or without abnormalities in the nucleus were also counted. The results obtained showed that both the raw and the treated effluent were toxic, even the analyzes with R. quelen did not show any significant difference, genetic damages were observed. Thus, the results of this study demonstrate the emerging need for research on efficient treatments for textile effluents, as when discarded in aquatic environments, it can cause irreparable damage to aquatic biota and its biodiversity.