Aplicação de técnicas analíticas instrumentais e físio-químicas com quimioterapia para avaliação da qualidade e discriminação de óleos vegetais e azeites de oliva extra virgem

Abstract

Ensure the quality of food products such as vegetable oils have great importance to industry and researches related to food. Vegetable oils can have their composition adulterated or suspected due to the presence of other oils with lower commercially value. In addition, problems related to preservation during storage as the development of short chain and free fatty acids can be initiated by degradation processes like rancidity. Alterations in composition can be detected by the use of chromatography while titrimetric techniques assists in the verification of stability during storage. These techniques combined to spectrocopy and multivariate statistical methods allow determine the quality and realize the discrimination of vegetable oils. 38 samples of vegetable oils were used being: 10 soybean, 6 corn, 6 sunflower, 6 canola, 9 extra virgin olive oil and 1 mixed canola and soybean oil. It was obtained the fatty acid composition using gas chromatography (GC-FID), acid, saponification and iodine value according to American Oil Chemists Society methods and the spectra in the mid-infrared region were obtained using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. From these analyses it was obtained three data tables (chromatographic, physicochemical and spectrocopic) that, in its turn, were submitted to statistical analysis. Common components and specific weights analysis were applied to the data tables to discrimination and evaluation of the quality of samples. Samples presented acid and saponification values high in relation to other studies. Soybean, corn and sunflower oil have higher contend in polyunsaturated fatty acid, mainly linoleic acid in their composition while canola and extra virgin olive oils presented higher amount of monounsaturated fatty acids as oleic acid. The mid-infrared spectrocopy permitted observe the presence of intense absorption bands demonstrating the presence of specific groups of organic acids like carbon stretch united by double bonds with cis isomers, methyl and methylene, bands related to carbonyls of triacylglycerols and the absence of trans isomers by not present absorptions in 3025 and 968 cm-1. From common components and specific weights analysis was possible separate data in three common dimensions containing 56,44, 34,74 and 8,77% of the data variance which were influenced mainly by chromatographic, physicochemical and spectroscopy analyses, respectivetly. According to the cluster profile of the samples was possible to realize the discrimination of the samples in relation to the extraction matrices and it was observed the absence of adulterations. Gas chromatography was essential to the discrimination and physicochemical analyses to the evaluation of the quality of the samples while the spectrocopic data presented low influence to the data, not contributing effectively to the discrimination of the samples. At last, common components and specific weichts analysis can be applyed efficiently to discrimination of vegetable oils.