Adubação nitrogenada no sorgo forrageiro e na aveia preta

Abstract

In Brazil the production of milk and meat has as main feature the production almost exclusively on pasture, this trait has its advantages and disadvantages; among the main advantages is the low cost of production. The disadvantage would be able to produce food with quality and quantity throughout the year. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of nitrogen fertilization on the production and nutritional value of forage as well as he efficiency of nitrogen use and extraction of macronutrients (N, P, K) of the soil through crop of sorghum cv. Jumbo and oat cv. Iapar 61. The study was conducted in the experimental area of the Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Câmpus Dois Vizinhos. For the development of the work, annual crop cycle summer and Winter. For the summer period of the crop years 2010/2011 and 2011/2012, was used forage sorghum cv. Jumbo and culture winter annual, year 2011, was used oat cv. Iapar 61. The experimental design was a completely randomized block design with three replications for each treatment. For forage sorghum in the two summer cycles we used a density of 15 kg ha-1 of viable seeds, being tested doses of 0, 37.5, 75, 150, 225, 300 and 375 kg N ha-1, distributed in three applications equal 1/3 at sowing, 1/3 after the first cut and 1/3 after the third cut. For black oat, we used a density of 40 kg ha-1 of viable seeds, testing doses of 0, 40, 80, 120, 160, 200 and 240 kg N ha-1, were also distributed in three applications , 1/3 at tillering, 1/3 after the first cut and 1/3 after the third cut. Material collection orage sorghum produced during the two summer was performed with manual harvesting of crops, when the culture reached an average height between 0.70 and 0.80m, leaving a residue of plant average of 0.20 m height for regrowth and new collection. For the oat sample collection occurred when the culture reached a size for grazing 25 cm tall, with a manual cut to 10 cm of soil from a known area of 0.25 m2 each. To determine the chemical characteristics of both cultures, the material was dried at 60 oC for 72 hours or until constant weigh, ground through 1 mm sieve, and then evaluated the following parameters:dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), determination of macronutrients N, P and K, recovery, recovery efficiency and physiological efficiency of nitrogen. All evaluated data were subjected to analysis of variance using SAS 8.1 to 5% of error probability. Doses of 288 and 264 kg N ha-1, showed the most forage production for sorghum forage in agricultural years 2010/2011 and 2011/2012 respectively, for black oat the dose of 187 kg N ha-1 was that with the highest forage yield. Doses of 349 and 328, 212 and 207 kg N ha-1 were those that showed the highest levels of CP and IVDMD for sorghum, the crop years 2010/2011 and 2011/2012 respectively. NDF and ADF were not affected by N in sorghum crop. For oats, the dose of 220 kg ha-1 N was the one with the highest content of CP, for IVDMD, NDF and ADF doses of N had no significant effect. The major extractions of N, P and K were achieved when applied doses of 298, 375 and 271 kg N ha-1, respectively for sorghum in 2010/2011 already for the year 2011/2012 these doses were 234, 375 and 324 kg N ha-1, respectively. For oats the doses of 218, 240 and 198 kg N ha-1 was that provided the largest extraction of N, P and K, respectively.The values of recovery, recovery efficiency and physiological efficiency of nitrogen, the lowest N are the most efficient for the cultivation of sorghum and oats.