Avaliação da presença de chumbo (Pb) em espécies de peixes associada à qualidade ambiental da Bacia do Ribeirão Cambé (Londrina/PR)

Abstract

Lead is a non-essential element, bioaccumulative, with highly toxic properties and is responsible for acute and chronic effects on living beings. In high concentrations may promote damage to aquatic communities by modifying their structure and distribution. This study found the degree of environmental vulnerability of the Cambé Stream Basin, from the evaluation of the presence of lead in the most abundant species of fish, through the analytical technique of Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (GF AAS), as well as the parameters of the fish assemblage structure involving wealth, equitability, diversity, abundance, biomass and standard length analysis of species, beyond the physical and chemical variables of water from portable equipment, and finally, the analysis of patterns of use and occupation of land obtained through literature. The results revealed wide impermeabilized area along the longitudinal gradient of Cambé Stream Basin and agriculture/field, the latter being most dominant class in the sampling point 6. The evaluated abiotic parameters (water temperature, pH, conductivity, turbidity and dissolved oxygen) were within the limit allowed by CONAMA Resolution 357/2005, except the dissolved oxygen showed concentrations below 6 mg L-1 in the sampling points 3 and 4, which comprise the Igapó Lake, water body framed in Class I. In addition, the electrical conductivity was high for all points when compared to the values established by the Environmental Sanitation Technology Company (CETESB). Regarding the composition of fishes verified the presence of three exotic species: Poecilia reticulata, Oreochromis niloticus and Tilapia rendalli, in most heavily distributed sampling points. The Hypostomus ancistroides kind of native character also present in most parts of Cambé Stream, showing tolerance to polluted environments, similar to exotic species found. Points 2 and 5 were those with the highest evenness and diversity. Poecilia reticulata showed greater abundance for all sampling points and the biomass obtained emphasis on four species: Geophagus brasiliensis, Oreochromis niloticus, Hypostomus ancistroides and Hypostomus regani. As for the standard length of the small species was the most representative. Regarding lead concentrations in fish species, the means in the summer ranged from 0.18 to 6.74 mg.kg-1, showing significant differences and above the limit allowed for the points 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5. In the autumn, the means concentrations of lead ranged from 0.04 to 0.17 mg.kg-1, between points, with no statistical difference and below the limit allowed, and in winter, the means ranged from 0.04 to 4.83 mg.kg-1, among the points, showing significant differences and above the limit allowed for the points 2, 3 and 5. Thus, from the Canonical Correlation Analysis confirmed that the points 1, 4 and 5 are affected by the presence of lead. Point 6 was more rich in oxygen, and the largest biomass and point 2 showed good oxygenation and larger species.