Análise da expansão da atividade de mineração no Estado do Pará utilizando SIG

Abstract

Mineral exploration in the state of Pará, began in 1967, in the southeast mesoregion, when the world's largest iron ore stock, the Carajás mountain range, was discovered. However, large mining-metallurgical ventures began to settle in the region only between 1970 and 1980, provoking local, economic, social and environmental dynamics in the municipalities of these projects. The importance of knowing the geographic distribution of the mineral processes, over a period of time, contributes to spatial analysis and preservation of the ecosystem, being able to alert the inspection agencies to reduce explorations in preserved areas that are not feasible, environmentally. In this way, the expansion of the mining activity in the state of Pará was studied with a historical sequence of mining processes from 1935 to 2018, according to the ANM (National Mining Agency) database, through SIGMINE (Geographic Information System of Mining). When analyzing the records of mining processes in the GIS (Spring Geographic Information System), the data add up to 22,386 records, of which 8,419 are those with the application phase and the authorization of research, concentrated in the southwest and southeast of the state, regions of Carajás and Tapajós, places with higher expectations of mining projects for Pará, surroundings of 80% and 21%, respectively. These are, in most of the areas of PAs and indigenous lands, limits with more than 60% of the territory of Pará, 10.29% of which are protected with more restricted use, that is, the indirect use of natural resources, which are areas that belong to the group of integral protection of the CUs. And 49.76% of the area of Pará is a domain of sustainable use and protection of indigenous lands, and the exploratory actions of natural resources for the sustenance of the populations are properly framed in the management plan. Thus, this fact points to economic interests in natural resources, and may present threats and pressures in PAs and their surrounding areas, damaging the fauna and flora of these environments, since the expectations of the extractive industry are concentrated in Tapajós and Carajás. As well, it was observed presences of mining processes in indigenous areas, which generates diverse conflicts in these regions. On the other hand, more than 2 million reais were invested in environmental compensation, in actions in the State CUs, by mining companies, in order to compensate for the environmental damages caused by the mineral extraction process. Therefore, if there are no emergency actions, in the next 100 years, there will be permanent losses of the Amazon biome and the significant biodiversity present in the state.